Slipped Disc - Disc Bulge vs Disc Prolapse versus Disc herniation vs disc Sequestration
A “slipped disc” is a commonly used term, but it is not a precise medical diagnosis. In clinical practice, it is often used to describe a range of disc-related findings that are labelled differently on scans, such as disc bulge, disc prolapse, disc herniation, or disc sequestration. These terms describe what a disc looks like, not necessarily what it is doing or whether it is responsible for symptoms.
What these terms mean, how they’re used, and why they’re often misunderstood
Condition Related Articles
- Spinal Anatomy?
- Spinal Stenosis
- Sciatica
Disc changes are common, particularly as people get older, and many are found in people with no pain at all. The presence of a disc bulge or herniation on imaging does not automatically explain symptoms, predict recovery, or determine whether treatment is needed. This is why disc terminology on a scan report should be interpreted carefully and always in clinical context.
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Understanding what these terms actually mean — and their limitations — is important. Proper assessment looks beyond labels to consider symptoms, neurological findings, and how the problem is behaving over time. This helps distinguish disc findings that are clinically relevant from those that are simply part of normal variation.
Related Blog Posts
- Prolapsed Disc
- My doctors said I have slipped some endplate, what on earth does this mean?
- Can my chiropractor really put my disc back in when in has slipped out?
- My GP said my slipped disc is for life so just live around it - please tell me this is not true
- Has my disc slipped as my spine is crumbling?
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​Intervertebral disc anatomy: what a disc is designed to do
An intervertebral disc sits between two vertebrae and plays a key role in load distribution and movement of the spine. It is not a passive cushion, but a dynamic structure designed to tolerate compression, bending, and rotation.
Each disc has two main components. The annulus fibrosus forms the outer ring and is made up of layers of collagen arranged to resist movement in multiple directions. The nucleus pulposus sits centrally and has a higher water content, allowing it to redistribute forces through the disc during movement and loading. Together, these structures help the spine cope with everyday demands.
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Disc problems rarely result from a disc “slipping” suddenly. In most cases, changes develop over time as a result of cumulative loading, tissue adaptation, and changes in tolerance, rather than a single movement or incident.
How disc problems develop
Disc terminology can be confusing, particularly when different terms are used interchangeably.
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A disc bulge describes a generalised extension of the disc beyond the vertebral margins, usually involving a broad area of the disc. Bulges are very common and often considered part of normal age-related change.
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A disc protrusion or disc herniation refers to a more focal displacement of disc material, where part of the disc extends beyond its usual boundary. These terms are often used interchangeably in reports, although they describe a more localised change than a bulge.
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A disc extrusion describes a situation where the displaced portion extends further than its base. In disc sequestration, the displaced disc material loses continuity with the rest of the disc altogether.
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The term disc prolapse is not a precise radiological classification and is used inconsistently. What matters clinically is not the label itself, but whether disc material is interacting with nearby nerve structures and whether this matches the person’s symptoms and examination findings.
Why disc-related sciatica is often one-sided
When disc material contributes to sciatic-type symptoms, it most commonly does so by irritating or compressing a nerve root as it exits the spine. Disc herniations tend to occur in a posterolateral direction, which is where nerve roots are most vulnerable.
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Because this typically affects one side, disc-related sciatica is often unilateral. Bilateral symptoms are less common and, in certain contexts, more concerning. This is one reason why symptom pattern and distribution matter more than the presence of a disc finding alone.
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Pain distribution is influenced by the nerve root involved rather than the disc level itself, which is why a proper neurological assessment is essential.
Neurological assessment: what should be checked and why
When disc-related symptoms are suspected, a thorough neurological examination is a key part of assessment. This should include testing of reflexes, sensation, and motor power.
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Changes in reflexes can indicate nerve root involvement, but do not automatically imply permanent damage. Sensory changes help localise which nerve root may be affected, while motor weakness is particularly important, as progressive weakness may alter management priorities.
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These findings are interpreted together, not in isolation. A scan without a neurological examination provides incomplete information, and clinical findings often guide decisions more reliably than imaging alone.
Annular tears: a controversial and often misunderstood finding
Annular tears, sometimes described as annular fissures, refer to disruption within the annulus fibrosus. They are frequently identified on MRI and are often highlighted as a potential pain source.
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The challenge is that annular tears are also very common in people without symptoms. While they can be associated with pain in some cases, they cannot be reliably diagnosed as the cause of symptoms based on imaging alone. High-intensity zones on MRI do not consistently correlate with pain or outcome.
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For this reason, annular tears should not be treated as a standalone diagnosis. Their presence may be part of the overall picture, but they rarely change management in isolation.
How disc-related problems are diagnosed in practice
Disc-related problems are diagnosed through a combination of history, symptom behaviour, and clinical examination. Imaging is used to support or clarify this picture, not to replace it.
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A diagnosis is rarely absolute. Instead, clinicians assess how likely a disc finding is to be contributing to symptoms, whether this fits with neurological findings, and how the condition is changing over time.
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Many people are told they have a “slipped disc” based on imaging alone, even when the findings do not match their symptoms. This can lead to unnecessary fear and unhelpful assumptions about prognosis.
When disc problems need escalation
Most disc-related problems improve with time and appropriate management. However, there are situations where further investigation or specialist input is required.
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These include progressive neurological weakness, significant or worsening loss of function, or symptoms suggestive of more serious conditions. In these cases, escalation is guided by clinical findings rather than imaging labels alone.
How assessment guides treatment
Effective management of disc-related problems depends on understanding the individual presentation rather than applying a generic protocol. Treatment is guided by symptoms, neurological findings, load tolerance, and how the condition responds to movement and activity.
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For many people, this involves education, reassurance, and structured rehabilitation. For a smaller number, further investigation or intervention may be appropriate. The goal is proportionate care based on clinical reasoning, not fear-driven decisions.
Slipped Disc FAQs
1. What is a “slipped disc”?
“Slipped disc” is a commonly used term, but it is not a precise medical diagnosis. It is often used to describe disc-related changes such as disc bulge, disc herniation, disc extrusion, or disc sequestration. These terms describe the appearance of a disc rather than whether it is actually causing symptoms.
2. Is a slipped disc the same as a disc herniation?
Not exactly. Disc herniation is a more specific medical term describing focal displacement of disc material. “Slipped disc” is a broad, non-medical label that is often used interchangeably, which can create confusion and unnecessary concern.
3. Does a slipped disc always cause pain?
No. Disc bulges and herniations are common findings on imaging and are frequently seen in people with no pain at all. A disc finding only becomes clinically relevant when it matches symptoms and examination findings.
4. Why do slipped discs often cause pain down one leg?
When disc material irritates or compresses a nerve root, it usually does so on one side of the spine. This commonly leads to one-sided leg symptoms following a sciatic nerve distribution. Bilateral symptoms are less common and are assessed more carefully.
5. Does a slipped disc mean nerve damage?
Not usually. Nerves can be irritated or sensitised without being permanently damaged. While symptoms can be severe, many people recover well with appropriate management, particularly when there is no progressive weakness.
6. What are annular tears, and are they important?
Annular tears, or fissures, refer to disruption within the outer part of the disc. They are commonly seen on MRI but are also present in many people without symptoms. On their own, annular tears cannot reliably be diagnosed as the cause of pain and rarely change treatment decisions.
7. How is a slipped disc diagnosed properly?
Diagnosis is based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination, and neurological assessment, including reflexes, sensation, and muscle strength. Imaging is used to support this process, not to replace it. A scan alone does not provide a full diagnosis.
8. Do I need an MRI if I have a slipped disc?
Not always. Many disc-related problems improve without imaging. MRI is usually considered when symptoms are severe, progressive, not improving as expected, or when neurological findings suggest it would meaningfully influence management.
9. Can a slipped disc heal on its own?
Yes. Many disc herniations reduce in size over time, and symptoms often improve with conservative management. Recovery depends on multiple factors, including symptom behaviour, load tolerance, and overall health, rather than the disc label alone.
10. Will I need surgery for a slipped disc?
Most people with disc-related symptoms do not need surgery. Surgery is considered in specific situations, such as progressive neurological weakness or severe, persistent symptoms that do not respond to appropriate conservative care. Decisions are guided by clinical findings, not imaging labels alone.
Why You Should Choose Chris Heywood Physio
The most important thing when seeking help is finding a practitioner you trust—someone who is honest, responsible, and clear about your diagnosis, the treatment you really need, and whether any follow-up appointments are necessary.
I’m not here to poach you from another therapist, but if you’re looking for a new physiotherapist in Northamptonshire or simply want a second opinion, here’s why many people choose to work with me (read my reviews):
Over 25 Years of Experience & Proven Expertise
With 25+ years of hands-on physiotherapy experience, I’ve built a trusted reputation for clinical excellence and evidence-based care. My approach combines proven techniques with the latest research, so you can feel confident you’re in safe, skilled hands.
Longer Appointments for Better Results
No two people—or injuries—are the same. That’s why I offer 60-minute one-to-one sessions, giving us time to:
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Thoroughly assess your condition
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Provide focused, effective treatment
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Explain what’s really going on in a clear, simple way
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Your treatment plan is tailored specifically to you, aiming for long-term results, not just temporary relief.
Honest Advice & Support You Can Trust
I’ll always tell you what’s best for you—even if that means you need fewer sessions, not more. My goal is your recovery and wellbeing, not keeping you coming back unnecessarily. I have low overheads nowadays and I do not have pre-set management targets to maximise patient 'average session per condition' (yes it does happen commonly and I hate it with a passion - read my article here)
Helping You Take Control of Your Recovery
I believe the best outcomes happen when you understand your body. I’ll explain your condition clearly, give you practical tools for self-management, and step in with expert hands-on treatment when it’s genuinely needed.
Looking for a physiotherapist who values honesty, expertise, and your long-term health?
Book an appointment today and take the first step towards feeling better.
Contact Info
On a Monday and Tuesday I work as a advance musculoskeletal specialist in primary care but I can still be contacted for enquiries. You are welcome to call but it is often faster for me to reply via an email or watsapp message, simply as my phone will be on silent in clinic. Either way, I will reply as soon as possible, which in the week, is almost always on the same day at the latest.
Clinic Opening Hours
The Clinic is located at 2 Old Road, Scaldwell, Northants, NN6 9LA
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Tel: 07576 473422 (Feel free to watapp)
** Please note that online sessions and Aquatic sessions be arranged outside of normal clinical hours on request.**
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​Sciatica Pain Northampton & Corby
Your Local Experts in Back Pain Relief
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Are you struggling with Sciaitca and looking for effective, professional treatment? At Team Rehab UK Ltd, our dedicated clinics in Brixworth and Corby offer top-tier physiotherapy services to help you regain your mobility and live pain-free. With a minimum of 24 years of experience each, our highly skilled chartered physiotherapists are committed to providing personalised care tailored to your specific needs.
Sciatica
The sciatic nerve begins in the lower back and extends through the buttocks, down the back of each leg to the thighs and feet. Sciatica refers to the pain caused by compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve. In most cases we are actually more interested clinically in what is behind the irritation of the nerve because this is what actually needs to be targeted by the treatment approach given to get you better.
Sciatica typically occurs on one side of the body due to the anatomy involved and can be acute, lasting for a few weeks or chronic, persisting for more than 3 months. In most cases, sciatica resolves within a few weeks or months and rarely causes permanent nerve damage.​​​​​​​​​​
Causes
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Some medical conditions that can cause sciatica include:
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Herniated disc
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Lumbar spinal stenosis
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Piriformis syndrome
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Spondylolisthesis
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Degenerative disc disease
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Sacroiliac joint dysfunction
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Diabetes
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Tumour
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Trauma
If you think you know why you have sciatica we've added a convenient slider to help you find direct access to some articles more specific to certain conditions.
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Signs and Symptoms
Sciatica is the pain felt from a compressed sciatic nerve and typically occurs on one side of the body. The pain can vary from mild to debilitating depending on the degree of pressure exerted on the sciatic nerve.
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Patients with a compressed sciatic nerve often experience symptoms such as:
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Pain in the lower back, buttock area, and leg
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Sharp, intense, shooting pain down the leg
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Numbness, burning, or tingling sensations in the leg or foot
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Weakness of the leg or foot
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Pain that increases with coughing, sneezing, or straining
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Pain that increases with bending backward and with prolonged sitting or standing
If you experience tingling or numbness in both legs simultaneously, changes in bowel or bladder control, or altered sensation around your anus or genitals, this may indicate Cauda Equina Syndrome. This condition requires urgent attention at a hospital.
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For more specific information about these symptoms, please visit our dedicated article. If you suspect you have these symptoms, seek medical attention immediately.
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Diagnosis
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Your Team Rehab uk physiotherapist will thoroughly review your symptoms and medical history, followed by a detailed physical examination. This examination will assess your range of motion, muscle strength, neurological functions (such as reflexes), and some special testing specific to neurological symptoms. This enables us to determine the source of your sciatica symptoms so that we can then make informed decisions on how best to formulate a plan with you moving forwards, during your recovery process.
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Whilst some practitioners may request X-rays for sciatica pain, we generally discourage this except in very specific circumstances. If our specialists suspect structural abnormalities such as fractures, spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, or in some cases, organic causes like tumours, an X-ray may be appropriate in the first instance for speed.
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In most other cases, if our specialists are concerned about your symptoms, their findings, or if you are not responding as expected to treatment, an MRI of the affected region may be ordered. An MRI provides a detailed image of almost all local structures, including discs, nerves, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. Additionally, blood tests may be ordered to diagnose conditions such as Ankylosing Spondylitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis.​​​​​​
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Treatment at Team Rehab uk
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Treatment for sciatica is often conservative in nature, meaning that surgery is typically not required. There are various effective methods we use for treating the symptoms of sciatica, including:
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Physiotherapy
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Soft Tissue/Myofascial Release
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Bony Mobilizations
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Exercises
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Kinesio Taping
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Electrotherapy
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Acupuncture
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Comprehensive Advice and Education
Medications
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Over-the-Counter (OTC) Pain Relievers
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Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Other Treatments
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Cold and Heat Packs: Application of cold or heat packs, or both, can help ease pain, discomfort, and stiffness.
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Activity Modification: Simply adjusting or avoiding irritating activities can lead to significant pain relief.
These conservative treatments can effectively manage and alleviate your sciatica symptoms, helping you return to your daily activities with minimal discomfort. In cases where our specialists are concerned regarding your presentations or progress, further investigations and onwards referrals may be recommended and we can help you to facilitate this via our extensive networking connections.
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Summary
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Sciatica is a painful condition caused due to irritation of the sciatic nerve. Other symptoms include numbness or weakness in the lower back or leg. Sciatica pain may worsen with prolonged sitting, bending, or coughing. Treatment includes physiotherapy, medications, hot or cold packs, and in severe cases, injections & surgery.
We have included this video animation to help you visualise the anatomy that we, as professionals, often take for granted. At Team Rehab UK, we are dedicated to helping our patients understand the causes of their symptoms, empowering them to effectively manage their condition both during and after their treatment.
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Please note that some of our videos may be of American origin and might contain slightly different professional terms or approaches compared to those used in the UK. However, the content remains highly informative and beneficial. You should seek advice form your UK based specialist before trying any advice contained, or inferred, in the video you ensure it complies with UK best practice standards.
Why Choose Team Rehab UK Ltd When You Need Help?
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Extensive Experience and Expertise
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Our team of physiotherapists boast more than 24 years of hands-on experience each, in treating a wide range of back pain conditions. This extensive experience ensures that you receive the highest standard of care, utilising proven techniques and the latest advancements in physiotherapy.
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Tailored Treatment Plans
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At Team Rehab UK Ltd, we understand that every patient is unique. Our physiotherapists conduct thorough assessments to develop personalised treatment plans that address the root cause of your back pain. Whether you're suffering from acute discomfort or chronic pain, we have the expertise to help.
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Our Commitment to Your Well-Being with Patient-Centered Care
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Your health and well-being are our top priorities. We take the time to listen to your concerns, understand your goals, and work collaboratively with you to achieve lasting relief from back pain. Our friendly and supportive team is here to guide you every step of the way.
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Ongoing Support and Education
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We believe in empowering our patients with the knowledge and tools they need to maintain a healthy spine. Our physiotherapists provide ongoing support and education, helping you prevent future injuries and manage your condition effectively.
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Convenient Locations in Brixworth and Corby
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Brixworth Clinic
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Our main rehabilitation centre in Northampton (Brixworth) was purpose built with the sole aim of providing the best opportunities for our expert team to provide you with the best recovery potential. Open in April 2024, the clinic is conveniently located and easily accessible, offering a welcoming environment where you can receive the highest standard of care. We are committed to making your visit as comfortable and effective as possible.
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Corby Clinic
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The Corby clinic is a much smaller set up within the Lakeside medical centre but we strive to deliver the same exceptional physiotherapy services, within the confines of the setting, ensuring that high-quality physiotherapy is available to the wider community. Our dedicated team is ready to help you overcome back pain and improve your quality of life.​
Meet The Physiotherapy Team
WHY WE STAND OUT
At our physiotherapy company, we pride ourselves on standing out in the community through a combination of significant expertise, outstanding patient satisfaction, and a brand new purpose built rehabilitation centre in Brixworth. Our team of four highly experienced physiotherapists collectively bring over 120 years of clinical experience, ensuring that each patient receives the highest level of skills, knowledge and continuity of care.
We have successfully completed over 16,500 sessions, earning a stellar reputation with five-star reviews from our satisfied clients and are highly regarded by local consultants and GP's.
We reinvest our profits into continually enhancing our facilities, including our newly built MSK-focused rehab centre. This centre, which is now our main hub, alongside our satellite clinic in Corby, offers patients the opportunity to rehabilitate to their fullest potential, with access to a specialised gym for their individualized plans between sessions. Our commitment to excellence and comprehensive care ensures that our patients achieve optimal recovery and health outcomes.
Our Company Mantra of
Honesty, Quality and Integrity in Physiotherapy Healthcare
guides every aspect of our practice
Still Unsure of Something?
We do our very best to put as much on our website as possible however we appreciate there will still be lots of questions and queries. No problem whatsoever, call us for urgent topics or use our contact form to communicate with one of our experts.